1.1. Biochemistry 1655-LekM12BIOBIO-J
Lectures:
1. Glucose as a source of ATP - reactions of glycolysis, substrate phosphorylation, regulation of glycolysis. Glycolysis under anaerobic conditions, glycolysis in the red blood cell. Entering fructose and galactose in glycolysis. Disturbances of fructose and galactose metabolism. Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and the regulation of this process.
2. Pentose phosphate pathway, its special role in the body, disorders resulting from the lack of NADPH synthesis. The major metabolic pathways of the red blood cell. The course and regulation of gluconeogenesis.
3. Synthesis and degradation of glycogen, diseases resulting from disorders of glycogen metabolism. Hormonal regulation of the glucose level in the blood - the role of insulin, glucagon, adrenaline.
4. The tricarboxylic acid cycle - the energy gain of the cycle. Mitochondrial transmembrane transport systems and NADH transport shuttles. The respiratory chain, inhibitors and compounds uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. Cell bioenergetics, the final ATP yield of oxidation of the glucose molecule. Reactive oxygen species generation. Cell damage caused by reactive oxygen species. Antioxidant defense.
5. The role of carnitine in the transport of fatty acids. β-oxidation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Energy balance of β-oxidation. β-oxidation of fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms in the chain. Metabolism of ketone bodies.
6. Synthesis and elongation of fatty acids, formation of unsaturated bonds. The role of arachidonic acid - the synthesis of eicosanoids (prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes) and their biochemical significance. Synthesis of glycerolphospholipids and sphingolipids.
7. Transport of cholesterol in blood by lipoproteins. Dyslipoproteinaemias. The synthesis of cholesterol and the regulation of this process in the human body. Biosynthesis of bile acids and regulation of this process.
8. Biosynthesis of nutritionally non-essential amino acids in the human body. The most important enzymes involved in the transformation of amino acids and the removal of amine nitrogen. The urea cycle.
9. Catabolism of amino acids. Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids. Selected metabolic disorders in the catabolism of amino acids. Amino acid transformations into biologically important, specialized products. Metabolism of single-carbon residues. The role of one-carbon residues in the biosynthesis of biologically important compounds.
10. Nomenclature and structure of purine and pyrimidine bases, including atypical ones. Synthesis of purines and pyrimidines and regulation of these processes. Catabolism of purine and pyrimidine bases. Selected diseases associated with disorders of purine
catabolism.
11. Synthesis and catabolism of heme, regulation of these processes. Bilirubin transport in plasma, the role of the liver in conjugation of bilirubin. Enterohepatic circulation of bile compounds. Hyperbilirubinemias. Diagnostic significance of total bilirubin, bilirubin differentiation between indirect (free) and direct (bound) bilirubin. The diagnostic role of indirect and direct bilirubin.
12. Liver as the metabolic center of the body. The role of the liver in detoxification processes. The role of the liver in maintaining the proper level of glucose in the blood.
13. Biochemical function of the kidney. Diagnostic significance of metabolites excreted in the urine.
14. Classification of hormones. The most important hormones affecting the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in muscle, liver and adipose tissue. Synthesis of thyroid hormones.
15. Metabolic profile of major organs and tissues. Summary of metabolic pathways of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids in liver, brain, skeletal muscle, myocardium and kidney cells. Links between the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids. Compounds and processes that are a source of ATP for skeletal muscle cells at rest and during work - sprint and marathon. Metabolic changes occurring during fasting and after a meal. Metabolic changes accompanying type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Seminars:
1. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism - selected diseases.
2. Lipid metabolism disorders - selected diseases.
3. Amino acid metabolism disorders - selected diseases.
4. Medical aspects of major metabolic disorders in selected organs.
Tutorials:
1. Some properties of disaccharides and polysaccharides.
2. Glucose tolerance test.
3. Physico-chemical properties of lipids.
4. Lipidogram.
5. Biological oxidation.
6. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the urine of a healthy person.
7. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of urine in selected diseases.
8. Diagnosis of jaundice.
9. Diagnostic parameters of blood in kidney diseases.
10. Diagnostic enzymes of blood in liver diseases.
11. Revision.
Total student workload
Learning outcomes - knowledge
Learning outcomes - skills
Learning outcomes - social competencies
Teaching methods
Observation/demonstration teaching methods
Expository teaching methods
- informative (conventional) lecture
- participatory lecture
- problem-based lecture
Exploratory teaching methods
- classic problem-solving
- practical
- case study
- laboratory
- experimental
- observation
Prerequisites
Assessment criteria
1. Intrasemestral test (MCQ): W1-W12, U1-U3, K1, K2.
In the case of the intrasemestral test, the points obtained are converted into grades according to the following scale:
% points Grade
92-100 Very good
84-91 Good plus
76-83 Good
68-75 Satisfactory plus
56-67 Satisfactory
0-55 Fail
2. Oral or written answer (evaluation of active participation and preparation for the classes): W1-W12, U1-U5, K1, K2.
In order to pass the student must get a minimum of 60% of the points from the answer.
In the case of an oral or written answer to the assessment of the learning outcomes achieved by the student, the following criteria are applied:
- credit in the case when: the student knows the basic issues and has mastered the program minimum, understands the questions asked, presents his knowledge in a logical and systematic way, can practically apply the acquired knowledge;
- failure to pass if: the student has not mastered the program minimum, does not understand the questions, provides answers not on the subject, does not properly use the basic vocabulary, can not practically apply the acquired knowledge.
3. Focused observation of the student’s activity while performing practical tasks: U1, U2, U4, U5.
In order to pass the student must get a minimum of 60% of points for a properly completed activity.
4. Report: W1-W12, U1, U2, U4, U5, K1, K2.
In order to pass the student must get a minimum of 60% of points for the presented report on the tutorials.
5. Oral presentation: W1-W12, U3, K1, K2.
In order to pass the student must get a minimum of 60% of points for the presentation.
6. Activity – extended observation: K1, K2.
In order to pass the student must get a minimum of 50%.
Practical placement
not applicable
Additional information
Additional information (registration calendar, class conductors, localization and schedules of classes), might be available in the USOSweb system: