(in Polish) Patomorfologia
1655-lek3PATO-J
The Pathology course aims to develop and consolidate knowledge and understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis, and morphological and functional changes associated with disease processes, with emphasis on general and organ-specific pathology. Lectures cover the principles of general pathology, including cellular changes and adaptation, cell injury and degeneration, inflammation and tissue repair, hemodynamic disorders, thromboembolism, shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), as well as neoplasms, principles of tumor classification, progression, staging and grading, genetic and epigenetic changes associated with disease processes, carcinogenesis, immunohistochemistry, and molecular techniques used in pathological diagnosis. The course also covers selected childhood diseases, disorders of the immune system, and diseases of major organ systems, including the respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, urinary, endocrine, nervous, and reproductive systems, as well as the liver, pancreas, breast, skin, musculoskeletal system, and head and neck.
Seminars are designed to consolidate and expand knowledge through discussion and analysis of selected topics in general and organ-specific pathology, including cellular changes and adaptation, hemodynamic disorders, acute and chronic inflammation, diseases of the immune system, hematopathology, pediatric and genetic diseases, and pathology of the gastrointestinal tract, liver and pancreas, urinary and reproductive systems, endocrine system, central nervous system, breast, skin, respiratory system, and cardiovascular system.
Practical tutorials focus on the development of skills in tissue and sample collection for pathological examination, autopsy analysis, gynecological and non-gynecological cytology, and microscopic evaluation of histopathological specimens. They include practical training in laboratory techniques and advanced special methods used in pathological diagnosis, including immunohistochemistry, molecular pathology, and the application of artificial intelligence in diagnostic pathology. The practical component also includes the assessment of adaptive and hemodynamic changes, acute and chronic inflammation, neoplastic processes, and selected diseases of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems and childhood diseases.
Total student workload
1. Student workload related to contact hours with academic teachers:
participation in lectures: 50 hours
participation in seminars: 60 hours
participation in practical classes: 60 hours
examination: 4 hours
The total workload related to contact hours with academic teachers amounts to 174 hours, corresponding to 6.96 ECTS credits.
2. Student workload balance:
participation in lectures: 50 hours
participation in seminars: 60 hours
participation in practical classes: 60 hours
preparation for practical classes (including reading the assigned literature and completing tasks): 60 hours
examination preparation and examination: 91 + 4 = 95 hours
The total student workload amounts to 325 hours, corresponding to 13 ECTS credits.
3. Student workload related to research activities:
reading the assigned scientific literature: 16 hours
participation in lectures (including research findings and scientific publications in the field of pathomorphology): 50 hours
participation in practical classes (including research findings and scientific publications in the field of pathomorphology): 60 hours
examination preparation (including scientific publications in the field of pathomorphology): 91 hours
The total student workload related to research activities amounts to 217 hours, corresponding to 8.68 ECTS credits.
4. Time required for preparation and participation in the assessment process:
examination preparation and examination: 91 + 4 = 95 hours (3.8 ECTS credits)
5. Balance of student workload of a practical nature:
participation in practical classes (including practical assessment): 60 + 2 hours
The total student workload of a practical nature amounts to 62 hours, corresponding to 2.48 ECTS credits.
6. Time required to complete compulsory practical training:
Not applicable (N/A).
Learning outcomes - knowledge
W1: Explains the course and significance of the cell cycle, proliferation, differentiation and cellular ageing, as well as the mechanisms of cell injury, apoptosis and necrosis, taking into account the role of oxidative stress and the associated morphological changes. (B.W18, B.W23, C.W27, C.W47)
W2: Describes the course of specific and non-specific inflammation, tissue regeneration and repair, and the role of stem cells in healing and tumour development, including their applications in medicine. (B.W19, C.W28)
W3: Explains the relationship between external and internal disease-causing factors and disturbances of homeostasis, the development of regressive and progressive pathological changes and haemodynamic disorders, and their morphological and functional consequences. (B.W25, C.W30, C.W33)
W4: Explains the pathogenesis of shock, differentiates its causes and describes its effects on tissues and organs, including the development of multiple organ failure. (C.W29)
W5: Describes the morphological and clinical consequences of vitamin and mineral deficiencies and excess, inappropriate nutrition, starvation, and disorders of digestion and absorption. (C.W48, C.W50)
W6: Explains the mechanisms and describes the effects on organs of the most common acute poisonings, including those caused by alcohols, psychoactive substances, heavy metals and medications. (C.W45)
W7: Describes the macroscopic and microscopic features and clinical course of the most common diseases of individual organ systems and organs, including metabolic diseases and disturbances of fluid, electrolyte, hormonal and acid–base balance; explains the effects of pathological changes on adjacent organs. (C.W31, C.W32, C.W34)
W8: Explains the etiopathogenesis, symptoms and complications of the most common internal diseases in adults, and the role of pathological investigations in their diagnosis and the selection of therapeutic management. (E.W7)
W9: Characterises the most common childhood diseases and life-threatening conditions in children, taking into account their pathogenesis, morphological features and the importance of pathological investigations for diagnosis and clinical management. (E.W3, E.W6)
W10: Explains the principles of diagnosing gene and chromosomal mutations, as well as the etiopathogenesis, symptoms and basic diagnostic and therapeutic management of the most common hereditary diseases. (C.W9, E.W37)
W11: Explains the environmental and epidemiological determinants of diseases, including viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections, and describes their pathogenesis, morphological features and the role of pathological investigations in diagnosis, taking into account the principles of treatment and prevention. (C.W13, E.W1, E.W34)
W12: Distinguishes between types of hypersensitivity reactions and immunodeficiencies, explains their mechanisms and morphological consequences, and describes the principles of immunomodulation. (C.W23)
W13: Explains tumour biology, the mechanisms of immune surveillance, and the environmental and epidemiological determinants of tumour development; describes the principles of early cancer detection and screening. (C.W24, E.W23, E.W24)
W14: Explains the significance of genetic testing and the assessment of tumour pathological features for treatment individualisation, and describes the possibilities of multimodal, targeted, cell-based and gene therapies, including their adverse effects. (C.W41, C.W42, E.W25)
W15: Describes the pathological basis of the most common diseases requiring surgical intervention, taking into account their causes, symptoms and basic diagnostic and therapeutic principles, including features specific to childhood. (F.W1)
W16: Knows and explains the meaning of specialist pathology terminology used to describe lesions and formulate diagnoses. (C.W26)
W17: Explains patient rights and legal regulations concerning pathological investigations, post-mortem examinations and the handling of tissue specimens, including the principles of medical confidentiality, medical record keeping and physicians’ liability. (D.W17, G.W5, G.W11)
Learning outcomes - skills
U1: Operates an optical microscope, including the use of oil immersion; recognises organ, tissue and cellular structures, interprets relationships between their structure and function, and identifies selected pathological changes; prepares specimens for microscopic examination and recognises selected pathogens. (A.U1, A.U2, C.U9)
U2: Interprets immunohistochemical findings using the principle of antigen–antibody reactions in the diagnosis of selected infectious, autoimmune, allergic, neoplastic and haematological diseases. (C.U8)
U3: Correlates patterns of tissue and organ injury with clinical symptoms, medical history, and laboratory and imaging findings to formulate diagnostic conclusions. (C.U11)
U4: Analyses reactive, defensive and adaptive processes and disturbances of regulation caused by aetiological factors; explains changes in bodily function resulting from disturbed homeostasis, including shock, blood or fluid loss, and exposure to extreme temperatures. (C.U12, C.U20)
U5: Performs differential diagnosis of the most common diseases in adults and children based on pathological findings, and selects pathological investigations that support the establishment of a diagnosis. (E.U12)
U6: Prepares a request for histopathological or post-mortem examination and produces documentation of pathological investigations, including synoptic reports for selected diseases and post-mortem examination reports. (E.U38)
Learning outcomes - social competencies
K1: Uses objective sources of medical information and critically evaluates their reliability in relation to diagnostic problems in pathology. (K_K01)
K2: Accepts responsibility for decisions made during the diagnostic process, considers their ethical implications and the safety of oneself and others, and places the patient’s best interests first. (K_K02, K_K04)
K3: Maintains medical confidentiality and respects patient rights when handling biological specimens, investigation results and medical records. (K_K05)
K4: Collaborates with specialists and members of other healthcare professions to establish a diagnosis, adhering to the principles of professional collegiality. (K_K06)
K5: Recognises personal limitations and educational needs, undertakes self-assessment and takes action to improve knowledge and skills. (K_K07)
K6: Draws conclusions from personal observations of macroscopic and microscopic findings and from the results of investigations analysed. (K_K10).
Course coordinators
Teaching methods
Lectures:
• informative lecture
Seminars:
• case study
• discussion
Tutorials:
• demonstration;
• classes;
• simulation methods (case study; simulation case);
• discussion
• laboratory classes
Observation/demonstration teaching methods
- display
Expository teaching methods
- informative (conventional) lecture
- participatory lecture
Exploratory teaching methods
- case study
- seminar
- laboratory
- practical
Online teaching methods
- content-presentation-oriented methods
- exchange and discussion methods
Type of course
compulsory course
Prerequisites
Students beginning the Pathology course should have knowledge of anatomy, histology, genetics, biochemistry, human embryology, physiology at a third-year medical student level (according to the curriculum).
Assessment criteria
1. Student’s attendance on all seminars and tutorials –a valid absence ( a valid absence reason should be delivered to the secretariat of the faculty during the block and no later than the first mandatory class attended by the student following the resolution of the reason for the absence; medical certificates must include the date of issue). Students must redo the missed classes with another group as soon as possible – any arrangements should be made in the secretariat. The attendance in all forms of classes is obligatory. Leaving the classes without a proper permission to do, in the middle of them, is tantamount to failing, despite having taken the entry test.
Each time a student leaves the room during classes, the teacher present in the room gives consent.
2. Point system based upon the following rules:
a) During seminars and tutorials the students are obliged to sit 19 entry tests and one exit test, to which the topics were sent by email before the “Pathology” block, and are also posted on the website https://www.wl.cm.umk.pl/kizpk/informacje-dla-studentow/ . The tests are graded by the teacher on the scale 0 - 3 pts. The order of subjects can be rearranged - in such a case each group will be notified in advance.
b) During the last lecture in the semester the students are obliged to sit a colloquium (two colloquium – 1 in winter semester and second in summer semester) The colloquium is comprised of a theoretical – seminar part (0 – 25 pts) and lecture part – (0-20 pts) as well as a practical part pertaining to the microscopic slides presented during the tutorials (0 - 5 pts). Questions in the practical part are formulated based on preparations presented during microscopic exercises. The test will last 40 minutes (35 minutes of theoretical part and 5 minutes of practical part).
Total number of points to be gained: 160 pt.
Tests during seminars: 60 pts.
Theoretical colloquium: 90 pts.
Practical colloquium: 10 pts.
Practical part based upon the microscopic slides presented during microscopic tutorials. (0-10 pt).
A student receives a pass grade if collects 60% or more of all possible points during the semester.
A maximum possible points is 160 ( tests from seminars- 60pt, theoretical colloquium – 2x45pt, practical colloquium 2x5pt). A student must collect 96pt or more to pass a subject. In case of collect less than required 60% the student can sit a assassin test organised for all of the groups after the end of the classes for all groups. The test is organized before or during the examination session. Depending on the organizational capabilities of the Department. A assassin test consists of all the theoretical and practical material from the semester.
1) The condition for admitting a student to the exam is first passing obligatory classes and obtaining a credit for the subject (achievement of the appropriate learning outcomes assigned to the subject)
2) The material required for the exam is consistent with the learning outcomes contained in the SYLLABUS and includes all the content presented during lectures, seminars and tutorials and contained in the recommended literature for the Subject "Pathomorphology" both in the 1st and 2nd semester of the 3rd year.
3) The date of the exam is agreed with the year representative and announced for the whole year.
The exam date is set during the exam session.
4) The exam consists of two parts - a theoretical and practical test. The theoretical part covers the content of all lectures, seminars and tutorials (semester 1 and 2). The multiple-choice test consists of 70 questions with five answers, only one of which is correct. For the theoretical part you can get 70 points. This part lasts 50 minutes.
The practical part of the exam lasts 15 minutes. and consists of displaying 10 microscope images with 10 MCQ questions - 2 points for each image and 5 questions covering the practical part of the tutorials (tissue sample collection, autopsy section, laboratory work) – 2 points per answer. A total of 30 points can be earned for the practical section.
To pass the exam, you must obtain 60% in each part separately (practical and theoretical).
The grade for the exam is issued according to the number of points obtained in accordance with the table below:
Percentage points Rating
92≤…<100 Very good
88≤…<92 Good plus
80≤…<88 Good
71≤…<80 Pass plus
60≤….<71 Pass
0…<60 Not pass
5) There is a possibility of taking the "0" term exam after obtaining 90% of the scores in the "Pathomorphology" courses carried out in the 1st and 2nd semester. The test conditions is set directly with students who meet the requirements.
Practical placement
Additional information
Additional information (registration calendar, class conductors,
localization and schedules of classes), might be available in the USOSweb system: