Biochemistry 1655-Lek12BCHE-J

Lectures:
1. Classification of carbohydrates, examples of biologically important mono-, di- and polysaccharides. Glucosaminoglucans and glycoproteins - structure, examples, importance in the body. Glucose as a source of ATP - reactions of the glycolysis pathway, substrate phosphorylation, regulation of glycolysis. Anaerobic glycolysis (Corich cycle), red blood cell glycolysis (bisphosphoglycerate pathway). Entering of fructose and galactose into glycolytic pathway. Disorders of fructose and galactose metabolism. Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and its regulation.
2. Synthesis and degradation of glycogen, including diseases resulting from disorders of glycogen metabolism. Hormonal regulation of glycogen metabolism - the role of insulin, glucagon, adrenaline. Uronic acid pathway.
3. Course and regulation of gluconeogenesis. The regulation of blood glucose level. Course of the pentose phosphate pathway, its special role in the body, disorders resulting from the lack of NADPH synthesis. Major red blood cell metabolic pathways.
4. The course of the tricarboxylic acid cycle – the cycle energy gain. Mitochondrial transmembrane transport systems and NADH transport bridges. The course of the respiratory chain, inhibitors and uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. Cell bioenergetics - energy-rich compounds, the total ATP yield of glucose oxidation. Generation of reactive oxygen species. Cell damage caused by reactive oxygen species. Antioxidant defense.
5. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, their structure and nomenclature. Simple lipids – structure and function. The role of carnitine in the transport of fatty acids. β-oxidation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Energy balance of β-oxidation. β-oxidation of fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms in the chain. Metabolism of ketone bodies.
6. Synthesis and elongation of fatty acids, formation of unsaturated bonds. Role of arachidonic acid - synthesis of eicosanoids (prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes) and their biochemical importance. Complex lipids - examples, structure, function. Synthesis of glycerolphospholipids and sphingolipids.
7. Structure of cholesterol. Cholesterol synthesis and regulation of this process in the human body. Cholesterol derivatives and their role in the body. Transport of cholesterol in the blood by lipoproteins. Dyslipoproteinemias.
8. Biosynthesis of endogenous amino acids in the human body. The most important enzymes involved in the transformation of amino acids and the removal of amino nitrogen. Urea cycle.
9. Catabolism of amino acids. Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids. Selected metabolic disorders in the catabolism of amino acids. Transformation of amino acids into biologically important, specialized products. One-carbon residue metabolism. The role of one-carbon residues in the biosynthesis of biologically important compounds.
10. Nomenclature and structure of main and atypical purine and pyrimidine bases. Synthesis of purines and pyrimidines and regulation of these processes. Catabolism of purine and pyrimidine bases. Selected diseases related to disorders of purine catabolism.
11. Heme synthesis and catabolism, regulation of these processes. Transport of bilirubin in plasma, role of liver in conjugation of bilirubin. Hepato-intestinal circulation of bile pigments. Hyperbilirubinemia. The diagnostic importance of the total bilirubin, differentiation of bilirubin into indirect (free) and direct (conjugated). Diagnostic importance of direct and indirect bilirubin.
12. Liver as the body's metabolic center. The role of the liver in detoxification processes. The role of the liver in maintaining normal blood glucose levels.
13. Biochemical function of the kidneys. Diagnostic significance of urinary excreted metabolites.
14. Classification of hormones. The most important hormones influencing the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the cells of muscles, liver and adipose tissue. Synthesis of thyroid hormones.
15. Metabolic profile of basic organs and tissues. Summary of metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids in the cells of the liver, brain, skeletal muscles, heart muscle and kidneys. Metabolic relationships between the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids. Compounds and transformations which are the source of ATP for skeletal muscle cells at rest and during work - sprint run and marathon. Metabolic changes that occur during the state of starvation and nourishment. Metabolic changes accompanying type I and II diabetes.

Seminars:
1. Medical aspects of lipid metabolism disorders.
2. Medical aspects of basic metabolic disorders in selected organs.

Tutorials:
1. Selected properties of simple carbohydrates.
2. Selected properties of disaccharides and polysaccharides.
3. Glucose tolerance test.
4. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism.
5. Biological oxidation.
6. Physical and chemical properties of lipids.
7. Lipid profile.
8. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of urine of a healthy person.
9. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of urine in selected diseases.
10. Congenital disorders of amino acid metabolism.
11. Selected diagnostic parameters in liver diseases.
12. Selected diagnostic parameters in kidney diseases.
13. Repetition 2